Definition of Industrial Relations - 2165 Words

The study if industrial relations like some other fields of study present a complex set of definitions of which none is universally agreed as the most appropriate definition. Some authors advocate for the definition of the scope of industrial relations in narrow terms in order to grasp its concepts, while others prefer a broader view of a network of social relationships in the industry. Flanders (1965:10) articulates that the study of industrial relations may be described as a study of institutions of job regulation. Job regulation is defined as the process of controlling job content through the creation of rules. There can be unilateral job regulation, by management or by workers/unions, or joint job regulation through collective†¦show more content†¦Such internal job regulation mentioned earlier, maybe unilateral when management imposes rules without consultation and when workers also make their own rules in their groups. In bi-lateral job regulation management negotiates and agrees with employees. External job regulation is unilateral when union rules through strikes, boycotting at any level that is maybe regional or national level. Bilateral job regulation occurs when multi-employer bargaining takes place with one or more unions. Third part job regulations is when rules are determined by arbitration. Hyman argues that the definition of industrial relations in terms of job regulation is unsatisfactory since it diverts attention from the structure of power and interests, the economic, technological and political dynamics of the labour society and factors which inevitably shape the character of relations between employers and their organisations. Such a definition carries with it a danger of reification that is; it becomes easy to ignore the real active men and women who participate in industrial relations. This notion of regulation also conceals the centrality of power, conflict and instability in the processes of industrial relations. Moreover, it does amount to a scholarly discussion to talk of industrial relations without political influences, economic influences, and social influence, hence industrial relationsShow MoreRelatedEssay Employee Relations1425 Words   |  6 Pagesrespected authors and academic professionals. This will include different perspectives, approaches and definitions of what employee relations is. â€Å"Employee relations is a common title for the industrial relations function within personnel management and is also sometimes used as an alternative label for the academic field of â€Å"industrial relations†. The term underlines the fact that industrial relations is not confined to the study of trade unions but embraces the broad pattern of employee managementRead MoreHrm and Ir1533 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Human Resources Management† and â€Å"Industrial relations† has different concepts about the determination and functions of the both spheres. The essay deliberates the comparison and contrast on the key features of Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations in academic fields. Definitions of terms HRM and IR will be identified through the review of the origin and development of these two areas. Moreover, I have pointed out the theoretical scope of the two subjects and key featuresRead Moreâ€Å"Industrial Relations† and â€Å"Human Resource Management† Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and Contrast â€Å"Industrial Relations† and â€Å"Human Resource Management† With the rapid pace of globalization, economic development and the more fierce competition among enterprises, the environment of employment is becoming more and more complex than in the past. The companies, no matter private or state-owned ones, have realized the significance of human resources which is the source of social wealth and plays a decisive role in its creation. The essay is concerned about comparing and contrastingRead MoreThe And Structure Of Family1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition and structure of family has significantly developed throughout the years, with liberal perspectives suggesting alternative family arrangements. In 1973, Michael Young and Peter Willmott conducted studies of family life within the London area and concluded that the development and changes within the structure of family life can be sorted into three categories of time. (Van Krieken et al. 2017, p. 107). The pre-industrial family (up until the early 19th century), the early industrialRead MoreIndustrial Democracy in Zimbabwe1733 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrial democracy has its origins in the theories of Kurt Lewin who strongly advocated the idea that the management of change requires full participation from those affected by change (Sambureni 2001). Sambureni further defines industrial democracy as ‘a process in which employees either directly or indirectly through their representatives, share equal power over the decision-making process which management normally reserves to itself’. 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In order to understand and be able to analyze what are the good industrial relations, there is a need first to understand how the industrial relations are actually defined and what do they refer to. As explained by Barnetson, Lesson note 1, Introduction, â€Å"it is th e relations between the labour and management†. This relations in Canadian capitalistRead MoreThe Key Features Of The Academic Fields And Human Resource Management1306 Words   |  6 PagesFEATURES OF THE ACADEMIC FIELDS â€Å"INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS† AND â€Å"HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT [HRM]† INTRODUCTION The main aim of the study is to compare and contrast the academic fields of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management, in this essay, both the fields are defined, highlighted key features which will help in understanding the similarities and differences with a conclusion. Industrial Relation can be defined as the study of all kind of employment relations in the broader perspective. AllRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Hrm807 Words   |  4 PagesHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Definition one Integration â€Å"HRM may be a sequence of constitutional selections that kind the use relationships their pleasant to the power of the organizations and the employees to get their aims. â€Å"Definition two – Influencing â€Å"HRM is committed the people dimensions in administration. Seeing that every establishmentRead MoreLabor Disputes1280 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerning terms or conditions of employment or the association or representation of persons in negotiating, fixing, maintaining, changing or arranging the terms and d conditions of employment, regardless or whether the disputants stand in the proximate relation of employer and employee. (Art. 212) Remedies in Labor Disputes A. Grievance Procedure—in-house adjustment of complaint, problem, or dispute following the steps prescribed in CBA or company policy. B. Conciliation (literally means â€Å"to draw together†)

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Importance of Order in...

The Importance of Order in Knights Tale Chaucer claims to place the Knights Tale just after the General Prologue by chance, the drawing of lots. The Knight draws the short straw, and all are glad for it. The appropriateness of his lengthy tale to follow is clear on some levels, and barely perceptible on others. I intend to launch my investigation of the Knights Tale with a scrutiny of these three statements, and perhaps we shall find an interesting conclusion in this, albeit a disputable one. The honorable Host, Harry Bailey, begins this famous day of pilgrimage by calling everyone together to draw lots, He which that hath the shorteste shal beginne. (838) He calls the Knight to draw first, presumably as a gesture of†¦show more content†¦If his tale gets away from him, then the once harmless stick will become the fire that consumes his knightly image and respect. However Harry meant it, the Knight decides that welcome be the cut (856), and he dives into his tale. The soothe is this, the cut fil to the Knight; / Of which ful blithe and glad was every wight, (848). Certainly, it is most reasonable that the first to tell a tale be the Knight, since in the companys eyes he is the most respectable figure of social degree. He ought to be capable of telling a terrific tale, since hes been to war against the very edges of the known world, having seen and done things beyond the imagination of the common folk. Whether the Knight had simply told the tale at the hosts request, or whether he was secretly given the lot is of no consequence to the position the tale assumes (whats done is done). It does matter to the rest of the pilgrims though, for certainly someone would have spoken up in protest had the Knight been given outward preferential treatment - probably the Miller. Harry Bailey must surely hope that the Knight tells a tale of action, war, conspiracy, love...all the things that would keep the travellers interest and enthusiasm. Does the Knights Ta le fulfill this expectation? Perhaps, but in a rather strange way. After the lengthy attention a reader must pay to each singular character in the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, he isShow MoreRelated Chaucer’s Use of Clothing: an Effective Rhetorical Device Essay1827 Words   |  8 PagesChaucer’s Use of Clothing: an Effective Rhetorical Device In Literature, as in real life, characters are sometimes judged by their appearance. The description of clothing provides detail and comment on those wearing them. Chaucer’s uses of artifice in The Canterbury Tales function as gauges of the social status and economic wealth, and emotional condition of each pilgrim. Artifice effectively provides a badge of humanity, symbolic of each character’s fallibility. Yet clothing simultaneously imposesRead More The Role of Quiting in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales Essay2759 Words   |  12 PagesThe Role of Quiting in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales  Ã‚   In Chaucer’s, The Canterbury Tales, many characters express the desire to pay back some other pilgrim for their tale. The function of quiting gives us insights into the ways in which Chaucer painted the social fabric of his world. The characters of the Knight, the Miller, and the Reeve, all seem to take part in a tournament of speech. The role of quiting in The Canterbury Tales serves to allow the characters themselves to transcendRead MoreEssay about Middle Vs. Modern English in the Canterbury Tales857 Words   |  4 PagesMiddle vs. Modern English in The Canterbury Tales As its name suggests, Middle English is the language that was spoken in the country of England around the 12th to 15th centuries. 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Take for example the Miller; his physical description alleviates him as a t hick brute with a filthy mouth that was `moost of sinRead MoreAnalysis Of The Wife Of Bath 1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canterbury Fails: An Analysis of Misogyny in the Wife of Bath’s Tale At first glance, you wouldn’t think that the Wife of Bath’s tale is anything other than feminist. She is, undeniably, the only non-religious female character in The Canterbury Tales and therefore is the only character who is approached from a point of view that was generally uncommon. We don’t have many— or even any, as far as I’m aware— pieces of medieval literature written by or for women or with a main female protagonistRead MoreChaucer s General Prologue : The Character Roster And The Author s Technique1230 Words   |  5 PagesChaucer’s General Prologue: The Character Roster and The Author’s Technique In the â€Å"General Prologue† of Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"Canterbury Tales†, readers are introduced to twenty-nine pilgrims, who will, as a collective unit make their journey to St. Thomas Beckett. As the poet encounters each pilgrim on the voyage, his attention to detail is not focused solely on opinion or his own perspective of the individual, but the individual in every sense. His way of describing each character’s traits, appearanceRead MoreThe Characters in The Canterbury Tales Essay4000 Words   |  16 PagesThe Purpose of the   Characters in The Canterbury Tales      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters introduced in the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales each represent a stereotype of a kind of person that Chaucer would have been familiar with in 14th Century England. Each character is unique, yet embodies many physical and behavioral traits that would have been common for someone in their profession. In preparing the reader for the tales, Chaucer first sets the mood by providing an overall idea of the typeRead MoreEssay on Chaucer: Satire And Humor2661 Words   |  11 PagesChaucer: Satire And Humor Until Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales, he was primarily know for being the writer of love poems, such as The Parliament of Fowls, narratives of doomed passion, and stories of women wronged by their lovers. These works are nothing short of being breath taking, but they do not posses the raw power that the Canterbury Tales do. This unfinished poem, which is about 17,000 lines, is one of the most brilliant works in all of literature. The poem introducesRead MoreEssay The General Prologue - The Canterbury Tales1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe General Prologue - The Canterbury Tales The General Prologue The most popular part of the Canterbury Tales is the General Prologue, which has long been admired for the lively, individualized portraits it offers. More recent criticism has reacted against this approach, claiming that the portraits are indicative of social types, part of a tradition of social satire, estates satire, and insisting that they should not be read as individualized character portraits like those in a novelRead MoreThe Canterbury Teales by Geoffrey Chaucer2115 Words   |  8 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer can be understood as a text that criticizes glossing and those who gloss. In this case, glossing a text is the comments, explanations, and interpretations one infers from reading the piece of literature and the understanding that can be taken away from it; this is different for every individual who reads the written word. I believe Chaucer wrote some of these tales as a critique of certain figures in his society. The question one should ask when reading, or

The Problem with Overcrowded Prisons Free Essays

At the turn of the 21st century the problem with the United States penitentiary system could no longer be ignored. There is no need to be incarcerated to understand the suffering of both inmates and personnel managing the prison. Just imagining constricted spaces and forced interaction with an increased number of criminals and or psychologically challenged people can be counterproductive to the supposed rehabilitation purpose of jail time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem with Overcrowded Prisons or any similar topic only for you Order Now But reducing the number of inmates or making bigger facilities is not going to be the simple solution for this problem. There are many factors to consider and the dilemma is building up each year. A solution has to be reached before the problem can develop into a full-blown crisis that could result in total breakdown of the system. This study takes a closer look into the problem of overcrowded prisons. This includes finding out why overcrowding has become a riddle for many officials. The research would also tackle the effects of overcrowding. Moreover, the proponent would find out what are the challenges faced by those who tried to formulate an acceptable solution. Overcrowding the Joint In a nation where slavery is outlawed and where everyone has the opportunity to make something out of life, it is a puzzle why many still go to prison. In the Information age where a person has access to more knowledge, it is a mystery why many are none the wiser since they commit deeds that would put them behind bars. In the book about U.S. prisons, authors Clear, Cole, and Reisig found out that, â€Å"In 2003, 22 states and the federal prison system reported operating at or above capacity. The federal system was estimated to be operating at 39 percent, and overall the state systems were operating at 14 percent above capacity† (2005, p. 467). Michael Jacobson the former Commissioner of the New York City Department of Correction, the largest city jail system in the U.S. provides additional figures that helps to clearly illustrate the crisis. And he remarked, â€Å"The United States now locks up a higher percentage of its population than any country in the world. The more than 2 million people who are incarcerated today make up roughly eight times the number in 1975† (Jacobson, 2005, p. 8). Overcrowding is due to tougher laws that were ratified due to the belief that habitual offenders must be punished longer. These laws also aimed to put these types of criminals locked up for good – that they may feel the full force of the law. Joycelyn M. Pollock in her book assessing the current state of American prisons remarked why there will be an increasing number of men and women who will be under lock and key for the rest of their lives: Even as recently as 1968, 23 states had statutes that authorized life imprisonment for habitual offenders who had previously been convicted of certain specified offenses [†¦] these â€Å"new† sentencing laws have the potential to exacerbate already severely overcrowded prison conditions while simultaneously creating more problems for state and federal governments, criminal justice agencies, and prison administrators (1997, p. 62). Problem with Overcrowding What is the big deal with overcrowding? Others may even dare speculate that it could add another dimension to the punishing of criminals and therefore why make their stay more comfortable? It is therefore helpful to see prison overcrowding from another perspective. And that is to understand the real purpose of incarceration. Mark Colvin in his study of the infamous New Mexico prison riot of 1980 asserted that squeezing more and more inmates like sardines into a tin can was the result of a change in philosophy. It is therefore easy to argue that riots can be expected in prisons where the needs of inmates are not met or when the prisoners feel that basic human rights are not respected due to the lack of resources. It is also not hard to imagine the stress levels experienced by shorthanded staff. When riots ensue, the safety of the prisoners and at the same time the staff responsible in managing said facility will be in extreme jeopardy. Freeman elaborates on this issue when he wrote that, â€Å"It is difficult to maintain a close watch on ‘problem’ inmates when overcrowding exists. This problem is especially acute when those problem inmates are prone to violence† (1999). Colvin argued that policy makers should be reminded that the main purpose of prison is to rehabilitate offenders and not just function as a place to lock them up. Colvin realized that this situation is did not happen overnight and he wrote, â€Å"This current crisis emerged in the 1970s when the ideological commitment to rehabilitation declined sharply, along with our nation’s optimism about alleviating poverty and a host of other social ills† (1992, p. 1). Solution A good start would be to again revisit the original aim of prison systems. As discussed earlier policies must be altered to minimize the punitive intent of incarceration and rather transform regulations so that it will focus more on helping prisoners deal with the root cause of their crime. Overcrowding reduces the efficacy of whatever rehabilitative impact prison can offer. This was highlighted by Clear, Cole and Reisig when they asserted that, â€Å"Prison overcrowding directly affects the ability of correctional officials to do their work, because it decreases the proportion of offenders in programs, increases the potential for violence, and greatly strains staff morale† (2005, p. 469). With regards to dealing with the main cause of crime, the discussion will then shift to preventive measures such as elevating poverty and providing for opportunities for marginalized members of society to have access to education and other training to improve skills. Finally, a solution is right down under the noses of policymakers; but they are so preoccupied by other more sensational and controversial issues that they miss it. An example of a simple adjustment in the system can mean hundreds of millions of dollars in savings each year and a significant reduction in the number of incarcerated delinquent. The solution calls for a serious assessment of the role of parole officers within the criminal justice system. To better understand the structure altering role of parole officers, Jacobson made a case for the consequence of neglecting the needs of said officers: Virtually no one in government can spend money like a parole officer [†¦] who has no budget to control and may work in a cramped and overcrowded office in a rundown building in a rundown part of town. He or she may have little or no access to programs or treatment for parolees and may earn much less than a correction or police officer (2005, p. 132). Looking at the insight of Jacobson it takes little to understand the domino effect of neglecting this country’s parole officers. Fortunately for those suffering in an inefficient criminal justice system, there is an insider in the person of Jacobson who truly understand how the system works. It is a wonder that only a few realized that when a parole officer gets overworked and when their morale are dangerously low they would not have the patience to help offenders walk the more difficult path of an ex-convict. A parole officer is like a volunteer counselor who has to work from the heart, giving more than expert advice. And to walk the extra mile to help those who do not deserve help. But according to Jacobson the system is not helping them and he wrote, â€Å"†¦parole officers have no ability to compel parole agencies to spend additional fund on less expensive parole services such as drug treatment, job training programs, or additional officers to lower caseloads† (2005, p. 132). If all else fails then a suggestion is to improve infrastructure and to add cutting-edge equipment to solve the problem of increasing number of prisoners which significantly affect the inmate to staff ratio. In other words technology will be used to make prisons more safe and more manageable. The positive impact as well as the drawbacks were succinctly explained by who remarked: In the USA, new generation design has even been used to reduce staff-inmate contact [†¦] Too much reliance on technology to eliminate danger and reinforce control can be perilous; in the event of equipment failure, staff can feel virtually helpless. Technology should not be an end in itself, but an aid to officers’ personal control and supervision†¦(Fairweather McConville, 2000, p.32). Another plausible solution is the privatization of prisons. Pollock argued that with privatization comes efficiency managers and controls that will help shape up the current penal system. There are others who object to privatization citing possible obstruction to due process since privatization means control not by the government but by certain people. But in the end Logan was right in saying that, â€Å"†¦in no area have I found any potential problem with private prisons that is not at least matched by an identical or a closely corresponding problem among prisons that are run by the government† (as cited in Pollock, 1997, p. 382). Challenges Those who are knowledgeable about budget deficits and the need for more money to finance other programs; plus those who are wise enough to understand the ill effects of mass incarceration are clamoring for reduction of the overcrowding in U.S. prison systems. Convincing a large part of the population will not going to be an easy task. The first challenge is changing the perception of the majority, which was heavily influenced by the media and the exposure to controversial crimes. Yet even without high profile crimes many are aware of the problem of repeat offenders and even committing crimes while still being on trial or on bail or on parole. This was elaborated by Karti Sieberg who studied the said criminal dilemma, and she remarked, â€Å"According to the report made by the Council on Crime in America, in 1990, among those accused of violent crimes, 12% were awaiting trial for earlier offenses when they allegedly committed rape, murder, assault, or robbery† (2001, p. 16). Conclusion The solutions discuss above aims to reduce the number of people held behind bars. The proposed methods and policy changes that advocates of reducing overcrowding are increasingly leaning towards a more lenient system. Being lenient can mean different things to many people but in the limited discussion made earlier, those espousing for leniency wished not to be misunderstood. Criminals must serve time but there are many that do not need to spend more time in prison. It will be for their benefit and the society also. Moreover, a focus on preventive measures can significantly reduce this problem. But most importantly giving importance to the role of parole officers can effectively change the direction of overcrowded prisons. Jacobson was right when he said that, â€Å"†¦parole officers’ decisions have had the effect of fueling U.S. incarceration boom by sending many parolees back to prison†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2005, p. 132). If policymakers can start here they could make a lot of headway. Reference List Clear, T., G. Cole, Reisig, M. (2005). American Corrections. Belmont CA: Thomson Higher Education. Colvin, M. (1992). The Penitentiary in Crisis: From Accomodation to Riot in New Mexico. New York: State University of New York Press. Fairweather, L. McConville, S. (2000). Prison Architecture: Policy, Design, and Experience. MA: Elsevier. Freeman, R.M. (1999). Correctional Organization and Management: Public Policy Challenges, Behavior and Structure. MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Jacobson, M. (2005). Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration. New York: New York University Press. Pollock, J. (1997). Prisons: Today and Tomorrow. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Sieberg, K. (2001). Criminal Dilemmas: Understanding and Preventing Crime. New York: Springer. How to cite The Problem with Overcrowded Prisons, Essay examples

Steps of communication process free essay sample

Communication is a very intensive cycle which doesn’t only end with the sending of a message to the receiver. This cycle ends only when there is a conclusive understanding between the initiator and the respondent or the receiver and this leads to what is known as a communication process.C.B. Mamoria pointed out the parts of communication process by stating that; â€Å"communication process model is making up of seven steps; the communication, encoding, the message, medium/channel, reception by the receiver, decoding, action, and feedback†.Stimulus: This is the point at which the person who wants to send the message decides to communicate. He/she gets the stimulus which will provoke him to begin the communication. The stimulus at this point which can provoke an individual to communicate may include;The opinion, a discussion or a stimulus may be to get someone’s opinion towards an idea before a decision is made and therefore, the conversation may begin in order to get the opinion of the other individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Steps of communication process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly, a stimulus which might trigger the source to begin communication is attitude or perception. One may have good or bad attitude, in an organization, there are always people who will perceive that their colleagues are always wrong others may also have a perception that a colleague is always right and this may trigger communication either in the verge of complement or disagreement. There also are other stimuli to communication which are not limited to, confidence, education, experiences, emotions, likes, and dislikes. All these may influence communication and the way one communicates.Encoding: It is the process of assembling the message (information, ideas, and thoughts) into a representative design with the objective of ensuring that the receiver can comprehend it. It is also the method of translating information into a message which may involve the use of symbols that represent ideas or concepts into a coded message that will be communicated. The symbols here may be language, words or gestures. Feelings, opinion, the experiment may be involved. These symbols are used to encode ideas into messages that others can understand.During the time or period of encoding the message, the sender will have to decide on what he wants to transmit and basically it is always based on what the sender believes about the receiver’s knowledge and assumption along with the additional information the sender wants the receiver to know or have. It is always advisable that if the sender decides to use the symbols, then they should be meaningful and relevant to the communication and understandable to the recipient or the receiver.