Definition of Industrial Relations - 2165 Words

The study if industrial relations like some other fields of study present a complex set of definitions of which none is universally agreed as the most appropriate definition. Some authors advocate for the definition of the scope of industrial relations in narrow terms in order to grasp its concepts, while others prefer a broader view of a network of social relationships in the industry. Flanders (1965:10) articulates that the study of industrial relations may be described as a study of institutions of job regulation. Job regulation is defined as the process of controlling job content through the creation of rules. There can be unilateral job regulation, by management or by workers/unions, or joint job regulation through collective†¦show more content†¦Such internal job regulation mentioned earlier, maybe unilateral when management imposes rules without consultation and when workers also make their own rules in their groups. In bi-lateral job regulation management negotiates and agrees with employees. External job regulation is unilateral when union rules through strikes, boycotting at any level that is maybe regional or national level. Bilateral job regulation occurs when multi-employer bargaining takes place with one or more unions. Third part job regulations is when rules are determined by arbitration. Hyman argues that the definition of industrial relations in terms of job regulation is unsatisfactory since it diverts attention from the structure of power and interests, the economic, technological and political dynamics of the labour society and factors which inevitably shape the character of relations between employers and their organisations. Such a definition carries with it a danger of reification that is; it becomes easy to ignore the real active men and women who participate in industrial relations. This notion of regulation also conceals the centrality of power, conflict and instability in the processes of industrial relations. Moreover, it does amount to a scholarly discussion to talk of industrial relations without political influences, economic influences, and social influence, hence industrial relationsShow MoreRelatedEssay Employee Relations1425 Words   |  6 Pagesrespected authors and academic professionals. This will include different perspectives, approaches and definitions of what employee relations is. â€Å"Employee relations is a common title for the industrial relations function within personnel management and is also sometimes used as an alternative label for the academic field of â€Å"industrial relations†. The term underlines the fact that industrial relations is not confined to the study of trade unions but embraces the broad pattern of employee managementRead MoreHrm and Ir1533 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Human Resources Management† and â€Å"Industrial relations† has different concepts about the determination and functions of the both spheres. The essay deliberates the comparison and contrast on the key features of Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations in academic fields. Definitions of terms HRM and IR will be identified through the review of the origin and development of these two areas. Moreover, I have pointed out the theoretical scope of the two subjects and key featuresRead Moreâ€Å"Industrial Relations† and â€Å"Human Resource Management† Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and Contrast â€Å"Industrial Relations† and â€Å"Human Resource Management† With the rapid pace of globalization, economic development and the more fierce competition among enterprises, the environment of employment is becoming more and more complex than in the past. The companies, no matter private or state-owned ones, have realized the significance of human resources which is the source of social wealth and plays a decisive role in its creation. The essay is concerned about comparing and contrastingRead MoreThe And Structure Of Family1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition and structure of family has significantly developed throughout the years, with liberal perspectives suggesting alternative family arrangements. In 1973, Michael Young and Peter Willmott conducted studies of family life within the London area and concluded that the development and changes within the structure of family life can be sorted into three categories of time. (Van Krieken et al. 2017, p. 107). The pre-industrial family (up until the early 19th century), the early industrialRead MoreIndustrial Democracy in Zimbabwe1733 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrial democracy has its origins in the theories of Kurt Lewin who strongly advocated the idea that the management of change requires full participation from those affected by change (Sambureni 2001). Sambureni further defines industrial democracy as ‘a process in which employees either directly or indirectly through their representatives, share equal power over the decision-making process which management normally reserves to itself’. Industrial democracy is also defined as ‘an arrangementRead MoreHrm And The And Human Resource Management1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The main purpose to write this essay is to analogize the differences in the field of HRM and IR. The Foundation of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management is based on intense academic study. The essay is an endeavor to illustrate by scrutinizing their objectives and the viewpoints or the approaches of this field. The first part of the essay is an attempt to define HRM and IR and it further continues to explain the differences and similarities between the two. In the lastRead MoreApproaches and Theories Regarding Industrial Relations1694 Words   |  7 Pagesand theories regarding industrial relations today and each one of them have different perspective and approach in resolving the conflict at work place. In order to understand and be able to analyze what are the good industrial relations, there is a need first to understand how the industrial relations are actually defined and what do they refer to. As explained by Barnetson, Lesson note 1, Introduction, â€Å"it is th e relations between the labour and management†. This relations in Canadian capitalistRead MoreThe Key Features Of The Academic Fields And Human Resource Management1306 Words   |  6 PagesFEATURES OF THE ACADEMIC FIELDS â€Å"INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS† AND â€Å"HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT [HRM]† INTRODUCTION The main aim of the study is to compare and contrast the academic fields of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management, in this essay, both the fields are defined, highlighted key features which will help in understanding the similarities and differences with a conclusion. Industrial Relation can be defined as the study of all kind of employment relations in the broader perspective. AllRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Hrm807 Words   |  4 PagesHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Definition one Integration â€Å"HRM may be a sequence of constitutional selections that kind the use relationships their pleasant to the power of the organizations and the employees to get their aims. â€Å"Definition two – Influencing â€Å"HRM is committed the people dimensions in administration. Seeing that every establishmentRead MoreLabor Disputes1280 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerning terms or conditions of employment or the association or representation of persons in negotiating, fixing, maintaining, changing or arranging the terms and d conditions of employment, regardless or whether the disputants stand in the proximate relation of employer and employee. (Art. 212) Remedies in Labor Disputes A. Grievance Procedure—in-house adjustment of complaint, problem, or dispute following the steps prescribed in CBA or company policy. B. Conciliation (literally means â€Å"to draw together†)

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Importance of Order in...

The Importance of Order in Knights Tale Chaucer claims to place the Knights Tale just after the General Prologue by chance, the drawing of lots. The Knight draws the short straw, and all are glad for it. The appropriateness of his lengthy tale to follow is clear on some levels, and barely perceptible on others. I intend to launch my investigation of the Knights Tale with a scrutiny of these three statements, and perhaps we shall find an interesting conclusion in this, albeit a disputable one. The honorable Host, Harry Bailey, begins this famous day of pilgrimage by calling everyone together to draw lots, He which that hath the shorteste shal beginne. (838) He calls the Knight to draw first, presumably as a gesture of†¦show more content†¦If his tale gets away from him, then the once harmless stick will become the fire that consumes his knightly image and respect. However Harry meant it, the Knight decides that welcome be the cut (856), and he dives into his tale. The soothe is this, the cut fil to the Knight; / Of which ful blithe and glad was every wight, (848). Certainly, it is most reasonable that the first to tell a tale be the Knight, since in the companys eyes he is the most respectable figure of social degree. He ought to be capable of telling a terrific tale, since hes been to war against the very edges of the known world, having seen and done things beyond the imagination of the common folk. Whether the Knight had simply told the tale at the hosts request, or whether he was secretly given the lot is of no consequence to the position the tale assumes (whats done is done). It does matter to the rest of the pilgrims though, for certainly someone would have spoken up in protest had the Knight been given outward preferential treatment - probably the Miller. Harry Bailey must surely hope that the Knight tells a tale of action, war, conspiracy, love...all the things that would keep the travellers interest and enthusiasm. Does the Knights Ta le fulfill this expectation? Perhaps, but in a rather strange way. After the lengthy attention a reader must pay to each singular character in the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, he isShow MoreRelated Chaucer’s Use of Clothing: an Effective Rhetorical Device Essay1827 Words   |  8 PagesChaucer’s Use of Clothing: an Effective Rhetorical Device In Literature, as in real life, characters are sometimes judged by their appearance. The description of clothing provides detail and comment on those wearing them. Chaucer’s uses of artifice in The Canterbury Tales function as gauges of the social status and economic wealth, and emotional condition of each pilgrim. Artifice effectively provides a badge of humanity, symbolic of each character’s fallibility. Yet clothing simultaneously imposesRead More The Role of Quiting in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales Essay2759 Words   |  12 PagesThe Role of Quiting in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales  Ã‚   In Chaucer’s, The Canterbury Tales, many characters express the desire to pay back some other pilgrim for their tale. The function of quiting gives us insights into the ways in which Chaucer painted the social fabric of his world. The characters of the Knight, the Miller, and the Reeve, all seem to take part in a tournament of speech. The role of quiting in The Canterbury Tales serves to allow the characters themselves to transcendRead MoreEssay about Middle Vs. Modern English in the Canterbury Tales857 Words   |  4 PagesMiddle vs. Modern English in The Canterbury Tales As its name suggests, Middle English is the language that was spoken in the country of England around the 12th to 15th centuries. Middle English became the prominent language in England near the end of the 11th century shortly after the Norman invasion by William the Conqueror in 1066. Unlike Englands preceding language, Old English, Middle English evolved into much more of a written language. There were many writers and educated English scholarsRead MoreCharacters in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe Canterbury Tales are essentially a Chaucerian satire; the author sets out to deliberately upset the social order present at the time and proceeds to mock the faults innate in the characters. Chaucer gives a compressed view of characters such as the Knight and the Monk; in their descriptions, a preview of the kind of stories we can expect from these people is given. Take for example the Miller; his physical description alleviates him as a t hick brute with a filthy mouth that was `moost of sinRead MoreAnalysis Of The Wife Of Bath 1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canterbury Fails: An Analysis of Misogyny in the Wife of Bath’s Tale At first glance, you wouldn’t think that the Wife of Bath’s tale is anything other than feminist. She is, undeniably, the only non-religious female character in The Canterbury Tales and therefore is the only character who is approached from a point of view that was generally uncommon. We don’t have many— or even any, as far as I’m aware— pieces of medieval literature written by or for women or with a main female protagonistRead MoreChaucer s General Prologue : The Character Roster And The Author s Technique1230 Words   |  5 PagesChaucer’s General Prologue: The Character Roster and The Author’s Technique In the â€Å"General Prologue† of Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"Canterbury Tales†, readers are introduced to twenty-nine pilgrims, who will, as a collective unit make their journey to St. Thomas Beckett. As the poet encounters each pilgrim on the voyage, his attention to detail is not focused solely on opinion or his own perspective of the individual, but the individual in every sense. His way of describing each character’s traits, appearanceRead MoreThe Characters in The Canterbury Tales Essay4000 Words   |  16 PagesThe Purpose of the   Characters in The Canterbury Tales      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters introduced in the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales each represent a stereotype of a kind of person that Chaucer would have been familiar with in 14th Century England. Each character is unique, yet embodies many physical and behavioral traits that would have been common for someone in their profession. In preparing the reader for the tales, Chaucer first sets the mood by providing an overall idea of the typeRead MoreEssay on Chaucer: Satire And Humor2661 Words   |  11 PagesChaucer: Satire And Humor Until Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales, he was primarily know for being the writer of love poems, such as The Parliament of Fowls, narratives of doomed passion, and stories of women wronged by their lovers. These works are nothing short of being breath taking, but they do not posses the raw power that the Canterbury Tales do. This unfinished poem, which is about 17,000 lines, is one of the most brilliant works in all of literature. The poem introducesRead MoreEssay The General Prologue - The Canterbury Tales1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe General Prologue - The Canterbury Tales The General Prologue The most popular part of the Canterbury Tales is the General Prologue, which has long been admired for the lively, individualized portraits it offers. More recent criticism has reacted against this approach, claiming that the portraits are indicative of social types, part of a tradition of social satire, estates satire, and insisting that they should not be read as individualized character portraits like those in a novelRead MoreThe Canterbury Teales by Geoffrey Chaucer2115 Words   |  8 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer can be understood as a text that criticizes glossing and those who gloss. In this case, glossing a text is the comments, explanations, and interpretations one infers from reading the piece of literature and the understanding that can be taken away from it; this is different for every individual who reads the written word. I believe Chaucer wrote some of these tales as a critique of certain figures in his society. The question one should ask when reading, or

The Problem with Overcrowded Prisons Free Essays

At the turn of the 21st century the problem with the United States penitentiary system could no longer be ignored. There is no need to be incarcerated to understand the suffering of both inmates and personnel managing the prison. Just imagining constricted spaces and forced interaction with an increased number of criminals and or psychologically challenged people can be counterproductive to the supposed rehabilitation purpose of jail time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem with Overcrowded Prisons or any similar topic only for you Order Now But reducing the number of inmates or making bigger facilities is not going to be the simple solution for this problem. There are many factors to consider and the dilemma is building up each year. A solution has to be reached before the problem can develop into a full-blown crisis that could result in total breakdown of the system. This study takes a closer look into the problem of overcrowded prisons. This includes finding out why overcrowding has become a riddle for many officials. The research would also tackle the effects of overcrowding. Moreover, the proponent would find out what are the challenges faced by those who tried to formulate an acceptable solution. Overcrowding the Joint In a nation where slavery is outlawed and where everyone has the opportunity to make something out of life, it is a puzzle why many still go to prison. In the Information age where a person has access to more knowledge, it is a mystery why many are none the wiser since they commit deeds that would put them behind bars. In the book about U.S. prisons, authors Clear, Cole, and Reisig found out that, â€Å"In 2003, 22 states and the federal prison system reported operating at or above capacity. The federal system was estimated to be operating at 39 percent, and overall the state systems were operating at 14 percent above capacity† (2005, p. 467). Michael Jacobson the former Commissioner of the New York City Department of Correction, the largest city jail system in the U.S. provides additional figures that helps to clearly illustrate the crisis. And he remarked, â€Å"The United States now locks up a higher percentage of its population than any country in the world. The more than 2 million people who are incarcerated today make up roughly eight times the number in 1975† (Jacobson, 2005, p. 8). Overcrowding is due to tougher laws that were ratified due to the belief that habitual offenders must be punished longer. These laws also aimed to put these types of criminals locked up for good – that they may feel the full force of the law. Joycelyn M. Pollock in her book assessing the current state of American prisons remarked why there will be an increasing number of men and women who will be under lock and key for the rest of their lives: Even as recently as 1968, 23 states had statutes that authorized life imprisonment for habitual offenders who had previously been convicted of certain specified offenses [†¦] these â€Å"new† sentencing laws have the potential to exacerbate already severely overcrowded prison conditions while simultaneously creating more problems for state and federal governments, criminal justice agencies, and prison administrators (1997, p. 62). Problem with Overcrowding What is the big deal with overcrowding? Others may even dare speculate that it could add another dimension to the punishing of criminals and therefore why make their stay more comfortable? It is therefore helpful to see prison overcrowding from another perspective. And that is to understand the real purpose of incarceration. Mark Colvin in his study of the infamous New Mexico prison riot of 1980 asserted that squeezing more and more inmates like sardines into a tin can was the result of a change in philosophy. It is therefore easy to argue that riots can be expected in prisons where the needs of inmates are not met or when the prisoners feel that basic human rights are not respected due to the lack of resources. It is also not hard to imagine the stress levels experienced by shorthanded staff. When riots ensue, the safety of the prisoners and at the same time the staff responsible in managing said facility will be in extreme jeopardy. Freeman elaborates on this issue when he wrote that, â€Å"It is difficult to maintain a close watch on ‘problem’ inmates when overcrowding exists. This problem is especially acute when those problem inmates are prone to violence† (1999). Colvin argued that policy makers should be reminded that the main purpose of prison is to rehabilitate offenders and not just function as a place to lock them up. Colvin realized that this situation is did not happen overnight and he wrote, â€Å"This current crisis emerged in the 1970s when the ideological commitment to rehabilitation declined sharply, along with our nation’s optimism about alleviating poverty and a host of other social ills† (1992, p. 1). Solution A good start would be to again revisit the original aim of prison systems. As discussed earlier policies must be altered to minimize the punitive intent of incarceration and rather transform regulations so that it will focus more on helping prisoners deal with the root cause of their crime. Overcrowding reduces the efficacy of whatever rehabilitative impact prison can offer. This was highlighted by Clear, Cole and Reisig when they asserted that, â€Å"Prison overcrowding directly affects the ability of correctional officials to do their work, because it decreases the proportion of offenders in programs, increases the potential for violence, and greatly strains staff morale† (2005, p. 469). With regards to dealing with the main cause of crime, the discussion will then shift to preventive measures such as elevating poverty and providing for opportunities for marginalized members of society to have access to education and other training to improve skills. Finally, a solution is right down under the noses of policymakers; but they are so preoccupied by other more sensational and controversial issues that they miss it. An example of a simple adjustment in the system can mean hundreds of millions of dollars in savings each year and a significant reduction in the number of incarcerated delinquent. The solution calls for a serious assessment of the role of parole officers within the criminal justice system. To better understand the structure altering role of parole officers, Jacobson made a case for the consequence of neglecting the needs of said officers: Virtually no one in government can spend money like a parole officer [†¦] who has no budget to control and may work in a cramped and overcrowded office in a rundown building in a rundown part of town. He or she may have little or no access to programs or treatment for parolees and may earn much less than a correction or police officer (2005, p. 132). Looking at the insight of Jacobson it takes little to understand the domino effect of neglecting this country’s parole officers. Fortunately for those suffering in an inefficient criminal justice system, there is an insider in the person of Jacobson who truly understand how the system works. It is a wonder that only a few realized that when a parole officer gets overworked and when their morale are dangerously low they would not have the patience to help offenders walk the more difficult path of an ex-convict. A parole officer is like a volunteer counselor who has to work from the heart, giving more than expert advice. And to walk the extra mile to help those who do not deserve help. But according to Jacobson the system is not helping them and he wrote, â€Å"†¦parole officers have no ability to compel parole agencies to spend additional fund on less expensive parole services such as drug treatment, job training programs, or additional officers to lower caseloads† (2005, p. 132). If all else fails then a suggestion is to improve infrastructure and to add cutting-edge equipment to solve the problem of increasing number of prisoners which significantly affect the inmate to staff ratio. In other words technology will be used to make prisons more safe and more manageable. The positive impact as well as the drawbacks were succinctly explained by who remarked: In the USA, new generation design has even been used to reduce staff-inmate contact [†¦] Too much reliance on technology to eliminate danger and reinforce control can be perilous; in the event of equipment failure, staff can feel virtually helpless. Technology should not be an end in itself, but an aid to officers’ personal control and supervision†¦(Fairweather McConville, 2000, p.32). Another plausible solution is the privatization of prisons. Pollock argued that with privatization comes efficiency managers and controls that will help shape up the current penal system. There are others who object to privatization citing possible obstruction to due process since privatization means control not by the government but by certain people. But in the end Logan was right in saying that, â€Å"†¦in no area have I found any potential problem with private prisons that is not at least matched by an identical or a closely corresponding problem among prisons that are run by the government† (as cited in Pollock, 1997, p. 382). Challenges Those who are knowledgeable about budget deficits and the need for more money to finance other programs; plus those who are wise enough to understand the ill effects of mass incarceration are clamoring for reduction of the overcrowding in U.S. prison systems. Convincing a large part of the population will not going to be an easy task. The first challenge is changing the perception of the majority, which was heavily influenced by the media and the exposure to controversial crimes. Yet even without high profile crimes many are aware of the problem of repeat offenders and even committing crimes while still being on trial or on bail or on parole. This was elaborated by Karti Sieberg who studied the said criminal dilemma, and she remarked, â€Å"According to the report made by the Council on Crime in America, in 1990, among those accused of violent crimes, 12% were awaiting trial for earlier offenses when they allegedly committed rape, murder, assault, or robbery† (2001, p. 16). Conclusion The solutions discuss above aims to reduce the number of people held behind bars. The proposed methods and policy changes that advocates of reducing overcrowding are increasingly leaning towards a more lenient system. Being lenient can mean different things to many people but in the limited discussion made earlier, those espousing for leniency wished not to be misunderstood. Criminals must serve time but there are many that do not need to spend more time in prison. It will be for their benefit and the society also. Moreover, a focus on preventive measures can significantly reduce this problem. But most importantly giving importance to the role of parole officers can effectively change the direction of overcrowded prisons. Jacobson was right when he said that, â€Å"†¦parole officers’ decisions have had the effect of fueling U.S. incarceration boom by sending many parolees back to prison†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2005, p. 132). If policymakers can start here they could make a lot of headway. Reference List Clear, T., G. Cole, Reisig, M. (2005). American Corrections. Belmont CA: Thomson Higher Education. Colvin, M. (1992). The Penitentiary in Crisis: From Accomodation to Riot in New Mexico. New York: State University of New York Press. Fairweather, L. McConville, S. (2000). Prison Architecture: Policy, Design, and Experience. MA: Elsevier. Freeman, R.M. (1999). Correctional Organization and Management: Public Policy Challenges, Behavior and Structure. MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Jacobson, M. (2005). Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration. New York: New York University Press. Pollock, J. (1997). Prisons: Today and Tomorrow. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Sieberg, K. (2001). Criminal Dilemmas: Understanding and Preventing Crime. New York: Springer. How to cite The Problem with Overcrowded Prisons, Essay examples

Steps of communication process free essay sample

Communication is a very intensive cycle which doesn’t only end with the sending of a message to the receiver. This cycle ends only when there is a conclusive understanding between the initiator and the respondent or the receiver and this leads to what is known as a communication process.C.B. Mamoria pointed out the parts of communication process by stating that; â€Å"communication process model is making up of seven steps; the communication, encoding, the message, medium/channel, reception by the receiver, decoding, action, and feedback†.Stimulus: This is the point at which the person who wants to send the message decides to communicate. He/she gets the stimulus which will provoke him to begin the communication. The stimulus at this point which can provoke an individual to communicate may include;The opinion, a discussion or a stimulus may be to get someone’s opinion towards an idea before a decision is made and therefore, the conversation may begin in order to get the opinion of the other individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Steps of communication process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly, a stimulus which might trigger the source to begin communication is attitude or perception. One may have good or bad attitude, in an organization, there are always people who will perceive that their colleagues are always wrong others may also have a perception that a colleague is always right and this may trigger communication either in the verge of complement or disagreement. There also are other stimuli to communication which are not limited to, confidence, education, experiences, emotions, likes, and dislikes. All these may influence communication and the way one communicates.Encoding: It is the process of assembling the message (information, ideas, and thoughts) into a representative design with the objective of ensuring that the receiver can comprehend it. It is also the method of translating information into a message which may involve the use of symbols that represent ideas or concepts into a coded message that will be communicated. The symbols here may be language, words or gestures. Feelings, opinion, the experiment may be involved. These symbols are used to encode ideas into messages that others can understand.During the time or period of encoding the message, the sender will have to decide on what he wants to transmit and basically it is always based on what the sender believes about the receiver’s knowledge and assumption along with the additional information the sender wants the receiver to know or have. It is always advisable that if the sender decides to use the symbols, then they should be meaningful and relevant to the communication and understandable to the recipient or the receiver.

The Colorful Story of the Three Little Pigs

Abstract This paper will focus its attention on James Halliwell Philipp’s short story, â€Å"The Three Little Pigs† and the main theme behind the story. The author James Halliwell is famous for writing fairy tales which have been used as nursery tales and nursery rhymes. Further, this paper will analyze James Halliwell as an author and an antiquarian researcher in literature.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The Colorful Story of the Three Little Pigs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This fairy story features or rather is dominated by anthromorphic animals. This paper will also feature eight different editors who have been interested in the story since its first publication. These authors have each analyzed and given different views and opinions regarding the story of the three little pigs. This story is of great interest to the western culture because of the great morals it possess as demonstr ated by the phrases used throughout the entire piece. Just like James Halliwell, the subsequent retellings present the story in the first person narrator. This is done by the wolf to portray the misunderstanding between him and the little pigs. This story is told to inspire people to work hard so as to achieve success. James Halliwell Philipps He was born James Orchard Halliwell-Philipps on the 21st June, 1820 to Thomas Halliwell. James was educated at the Jesus College in Cambridge where he took interest in English literature which was under the antiquarian research. As he grew, he became an â€Å"English Shakespearean scholar† as well as â€Å"English Nursery Rhymes and Fairy Tales† collector. His literature work began at 19 years and was dominated by textual criticism. He gave up the textual criticism in 1870 to concentrate on Shakespeare’s life. In 1872, James Halliwell assumed the name Philipps to honor the will of his first wife’s grandfather. From this time, Halliwell-Philipps took interest and were actively involved in editing literature related to the Percy Society, the Camden Society, and the Shakespeare society. His house was full of strange and rare work which he donated to libraries, institutions, and universities. The Colorful Story of the Three Little Pigs The story outline is the tale of three pigs with a duty to build a home. The story actually opens with the mother of these title characters sending them to â€Å"seek out their fortune.† The first pig takes little time at this thus builds a house out of straw so as to have extra time relaxing and playing outside.Advertising Looking for book review on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second pig values relaxation just like the first one and as a result, uses sticks to build a home. Although he takes a lot of time doing this, he hurries to link up with his lazy friend for play and re laxation. The third pig is quite thoughtful therefore chooses to build a home out of bricks. This task requires him to put a lot of effort and use extra time to have the best results. Instead of taking time to play and relax with the other two, he seems to value a proper home. His effort pays off when the â€Å"Big Bad Wolf† visits their homes and tries to trick them out of their homes. He three pigs outsmart the wolf thus he resolves to use force to enter. The third pig’s house is the only one which stands up to the wolf’s pressure. Why James Halliwell Philipp’s wrote the story Three little pigs is a fairy tale that was written by James Halliwell in the year 1849. On its first publication, the story appeared in the book, â€Å"Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales.† It is not quite clear whether James Halliwell was the original author of the story or he had passed it from another. Through the phrases used in this story, the reader can draw a variety of morals. As a result, the story has become popular in the western culture. The main moral behind this story or rather the reason why James Halliwell Philipps wrote this story was to inspire the readers to work hard in everything they do so as to achieve success or favorable outcomes. All the same, the reader can tell the primary moral lesson as that working hard and dedication to whatever one does actually pays off. With reference to the story, the reader can see that, the first two pigs had built their homes in a hurry so as to have more time to play. The third pig had labored hard while constructing his house of bricks. When these a comparison is done between these three, it is clear that hard work brings about success with the third little pig’s house lasting long.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The Colorful Story of the Three Little Pigs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This educates the reader s by showing them that, taking time and extra effort while performing tasks could bear them favorable and successful outcomes. Today, many organizations, parents, and teachers encourage their subjects to take extra time and put more effort in whatever undertaking so as to achieve the best results. This story of the three little pigs has been used in many contexts to encourage people. During the Great Depression, Walt Disney released a short film which inspired many people to get through the frustrations of the era. The bad wolf was used to symbolize the Americans strife while the three little pigs symbolized victory. With the inspiration derived from the three little pigs’ tale, the people knew for sure they will get out of the depression through hard work. The modern day story done by Joseph Jacobs has little modifications so as to appeal to the young people. The original story explains that, the bad wolf landed in the boiling pot and died while the today’s version sh ows that the wolf came down the chimney and only burned his tail. In his work, Alley Zoe tells the story of three little pigs who are sent by their mother to seek out their fortune. The little pigs travel to foreign land and each has to build his own home. The first pig builds a house made of straw since he is lazy and loves playing and relaxing. The second little pig builds a house out of sticks so that he can have more time to relax and play as well. The third little pig who is clever builds a home out of bricks. One day, a fox visits the first little pig and destroys the straw house and eats the little pig. The following day he destroys the second little pig’s house and eats him as well. When he visits the clever pig’s house, he tries all sorts of tricks but his plans are spoiled over and over. This angers him and resolves to enter the little pig’s house through the chimney oblivious of the boiling pot beneath. All of a sudden, the fox lands in the boiling po t and the little pig eats him for supper.Advertising Looking for book review on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ashliman’s work is a reprint of Jacobs and Lang’s versions of the â€Å"Three Little Pigs.† Ashliman relates the story of â€Å"The Three Goslings† with the tale of â€Å"The Three Little Pigs.† Ashliman tells the story of three goslings whereby two are selfish and will not allow the younger sister to share their home. The author shows how each gosling builds a home. The two selfish sisters build unstable homes while the young one who is clever constructs the best house. A fox comes along and swallows the two selfish sisters. The third sister hurries to rescue her sisters by cutting open the fox’s stomach. The two goslings ask for forgiveness and the three live in the young gosling’s home happily. This new version by Dallimore, the story of three little bush pigs is told. Each bush pig tries to build a house to protect them from the old dingrel. The first pig builds a house of â€Å"prickly pear,† the second builds a house of à ¢â‚¬Å"weetabrix boxes,† and the third clever pig builds a house that can withstand the pressure of the dingrel. In the end, the little bush pigs report the dingrel to the Shire Council who take care of it. In his version, Graham tells the tale of three little pigs who live with their mother. When they grow older, the mother tells them to move out and build their own homes and keep watch on the Big Bad Wolf. The three little pigs travel together down the road and come across a man with a cart of straws. The first little pig asks the man to sell him the straws so that he can build a house and still spare some money to buy junk food. Upon seeing a man with a cart of sticks, the second pig asks to buy them and build a house out of them. The man advises both the first and the second little pigs that straw and sticks cannot make a strong house although it is cheap.  The third little pig meets a man with a cart full of bricks and buys them to build his house. When the Big Bad Wolf visits the first and second little pigs, he destroys their unstable houses but luckily they run to their brother’s house. The Wolf follows them to the brick house and tries to trick them severally with no luck. The wolf decides to climb down the chimney so as to reach the little pigs. The pigs keep a boiling pot of water under the chimney such that when the wolf comes down he lands on the water and climbs back howling in pain. The wolf howls down the road and the little pigs live happily ever after. In his book Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales, Halliwell tells the story of three little pigs who were sent by their mother to find their own fortune. Halliwell narrates how the first little pig begs a man to offer him straw so that he can put up his house. The man offers the little pig the straw with which he proceeds to build a house in hurry so as to have extra time for relaxation and play. Halliwell goes on to illustrate how a big and bad wolf comes to the little pig’s h ouse and breaks in to eat him up for the house cannot stand the wolf’s pressure. The author continues to demonstrate to the reader how the second pig meets a man who offers him â€Å"a bundle of furze† to build himself a house. In a hurry, the second little pig builds an unstable house so as to have extra play and relaxation time. The author clearly demonstrates to the reader the consequences of a badly done work when the Big Bad Wolf comes knocking. The wolf huffs and puffs and in the end blows the little pig’s house down and eats him up. Halliwell proceeds to show the reader how the third little pig meets a man and asks for his bricks to build a house with. Without hesitating the man offers the little pig the bricks with which he constructs a firm house with. When the wolf comes knocking and the little pig declines letting him in, he huffs and puffs but is not able to bring the house down. The author demonstrates the cunning character of the wolf by telling th e little pig he knows where to find nice turnips. The little pig agrees to accompany the wolf to Mr. Smith’s field to collect turnip the following day. The pig is depicted as clever for he leaves earlier to fetch the turnips an action which pisses the wolf. The wolf is seen to try every trick to get to eat the wolf but the little pig outsmarts him. In the end, the wolf is seen to declare eating the little pig by getting down the chimney since he cannot bring down the brick house. The writer shows the reader how the little pig makes up a big fire and hangs a pot full of water such that when the wolf comes down the chimney, he lands on the boiling water. The wolf is boiled and offers the little pig a huge feast that evening. Hook Williams tells the story of three little pigs living with their old mother whom after her death travel to find their own homes. The first pig builds a house out of straw while the second builds a house out of sticks.  The third clever little pig buil ds his house out of bricks. When the fox comes, he destroys the houses of the first and second pig. The two pigs run to the safety of their brother’s brick house where they burn old fox in a boiling pot of water. In the book â€Å"The Story of the Three Little Pigs,† Jacobs notes the relation between this tale and the story â€Å"Wolf and Seven Little Kids.† He observes that kids have â€Å"hair on their chinny chin-chins† and not the pigs. In his work, Jacobs tells the tale of three little pigs that are sent by their mother to seek their fortune. Jacobs illustrates how the little pigs have different thinking capacities. The first pig builds a home out of straw such that when the Big Bad Wolf visits, he blows the house down and eats the little pig.  Just like the first pig, the second little pig values relaxation and as a result builds a house out of sticks. When the wolf comes along, he huffs and puffs the house down and eats the little pig. Jacobs dem onstrates the third little pig as clever for he builds a house out of bricks. When the wolf visits, he realizes that he cannot blow the house down and resolves to trick the little pig who outsmarts him anyway. After trying without success, the wolf decides to go down the chimney so as to eat the little pig. Jacobs captures the reader’s attention through the dramatic out turn of events; the wolf lands in a pot of boiling water and the little pig eats him for supper. In his version, Lang tells the story of a sow that lives with her three children o n a â€Å"large, comfortable, old-fashioned farmyard.† The pigs are named Browny, Whitey, and the youngest Blacky. Lang illustrates Browny as naughty who does not listen to his mother’s or friends pleas. Browny loves to play and roll in the mud. The author depicts whitey as clever but greedy; he thoughts linger around food. Whitey is seen to always look forward to dinner and when the food is poured she fights both Brown y and Blacky so as to get the bigger pieces. Just like he mother warns Browny about being naughty, she warns Whitey about her selfish and greedy character. Lang illustrates Blacky as good natured with no characters of both Browny and Whitey. Lang says â€Å"he had nice dainty ways†¦his skin was always smooth and shining.† Blacky is seen as the cleverest of the three and as a result their mother was proud of him. The author shows a time when the mother of the three becomes old and feeble therefore calls his three piglets with an offer to build each a house. Browny prefers a house made of mud while Whitey prefers a cabbage house while Blacky prefers a house that is built with brick. Their mother applauds Blacky for being sensible especially with the fox being their worst enemy. Lang tells how the pigs move to their houses after their mother’s death. Browny is seen to enjoy rolling in his mud house until the day fox comes to visit. Browny does not let the fox in but with the use of his paws, he digs up a hole and gets his way in.  The fox grabs Browny by the neck and heads to his den for a feast. The following day, the fox is seen visiting Whitey who is enjoying a meal of cabbage. Whitey refuses to hear fox’s pleas to let him in; all the same the fox being sly eat his way to Whitey and took him to his house. The next day, the fox heads to Blacky’s house to try his luck. He tries all sorts of tricks but Blacky outsmarts him. For he does not give up, the fox goes up the chimney without realizing that Blacky has put a large kettle on the fire. The fox lands on the boiling water and dies instantly while Blacky rushes to the den to rescue both Browny and Blacky. The three are re-united and live with Blacky in his brick house happily ever after. References Alley, Z. (2008). There’s a Wolf at the Door. Illus. R W. Alley. New York: Roaring Brook Press. Ashliman, D. (1987). A Guide to Folktales in the English Language. New York: G reenwood Press. Dallimore, P. (2008). The Three Little Bush Pigs. Aussie Gems. Malvern, S. Australia: Omnibus Books Graham, A. (2000). Fairytale in the Ancient World. London: Routledge. Halliwell, J. (1849). Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales. London: John Russell Smith. Hooks, W. (1989). The Three Little Pigs and the Fox. New York: Aladdin. Jacobs, J. (1890). The Story of the Three Little Pigs: English Fairy Tales. London: David Nutt, 1890. Lang, A. (1965). The Green Fairy Book. New York: Dover. This book review on The Colorful Story of the Three Little Pigs was written and submitted by user Deon N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

walking through the gallery essays

walking through the gallery essays Walking through the gallery, the artwork of Ansel Easton Adams caught my eye; my favorite piece was his 1929 photograph of Tony Lujan. Adams is famous for his mastery in black and white photography. His photos contain vast scale as well as intimate detail. Adams was born in 1902 in San Francisco. His first love was for music as he trained to become a concert pianist. However, in 1916, Adams took his first trip to Yosemite National Park. It was there when his parents gave him a camera and he took his first photographs. Adams skill for photography grew with age. He published his first set of prints in 1927. In 1932, Adams formed a group of photographers that he named Group f/64. Their philosophy was to embody an approach to perfect realization of photographic vision through technically flawless prints. With the support and intervention of this group, Adams went on to develop many outstanding photographs and publish more than two dozen books. Adams main focus in photography was centered in California; more specifically in Yosemite. In 1984, the United States Congress established the Ansel Adams Wilderness area, between Yosemite National Park and the John Muir Wilderness area in California. Adams even had a mount named after him on the southeast boundary of Yosemite in 1985. Ansel Adams is described as an engineer of photography. Adams used science to perfect his prints and become a master of the whole process from shooting to development to print and even to reproduction. The piece I have chosen is of a Native American named Tony Lujan. This black and white photo captures many subtle tone and light changes. It is very detailed; even the smallest lines are visible in his face. Tony Lujan is wearing a native hooded cloth that extends down his neck and over his shoulders and chest. His facial expression is captured beautifully which moves the viewer to feel. ...

NIKE Corporate social responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

NIKE Corporate social responsibility - Essay Example Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is widely discussed in boardrooms across the world. Of late there have been considerable changes in the corporate value system. This is largely due to both external and internal pressures from various actors and factors in the stakeholders such as government and regulators, consumers and customers, non-governmental organizations (NGO) and in some instances from within the organizations itself (Bhandarkar & Alvarez-Rivero, From supply chains to value chains: A spotlight on CSR, 2007). Today in the era of globalization, increasing number of companies are operating are going global. These Multinational corporations (MNCs) operate in multicultural, multi-ethnic and geographically distributed systems across the globe running supply chains that span from suppliers’ suppliers to distributors’ distributors. Quite a few of these actors and factors are already located in the developing world and more are being relocated. Many of these MNCsâ⠂¬â„¢ foreign affiliates and arm’s length suppliers thus are governed by different level of CSR procedures.Today, consumers and employees along with pressure from a varied group of stakeholders are holding businesses to perform more on higher and broader social environmental standards than in the past. Besides, in today’s information spread and media stage, companies are not just adjudged by the behaviors of those associated, including sourcing facilities, licenses, agents, partners, and host governments†... Quite a few of these actors and factors are already located in the developing world and more are being relocated. Many of these MNCs’ foreign affiliates and arm’s length suppliers thus are governed by different level of CSR procedures (Bhandarkar & Alvarez-Rivero, From supply chains to value chains: A spotlight on CSR, 2007). Context Today, consumers and employees along with pressure from a varied group of stakeholders are holding businesses to perform more on higher and broader social environmental standards than in the past. Besides, in today’s information spread and media stage, companies are not just adjudged by the behaviors of those associated, including sourcing facilities, licenses, agents, partners, and host governments† (Smith, Gare; Feldman, Dan; The World Bank Group, 2003, p. 1). In addition, business entities, in particular MNCs are not only â€Å"accountable under local law, but also to various norms and standards, promulgated by global agenc ies such as International Labor Organization (ILO), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and corporate best practices† (Smith, Gare; Feldman, Dan; The World Bank Group, 2003, p. 1). Failure to comply these norms and standards not only can damage reputation of firms’ corporate practices, â€Å"but also may face protests, boycotts, attacks on corporate property, divestment campaigns, hostile shareholders resolutions and the enactment of sanction laws† (Smith, Gare; Feldman, Dan; The World Bank Group, 2003, p. 1). The apparel industry has already faced some of this music in the 1990’s with â€Å"many apparel and footwear firms discovered when they first confronted serious legal and reputational challenges in the 1990s related to allegations of labor abuses in foreign sourcing

Women Colleges Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women Colleges - Coursework Example Originally steeped towards providing education in the liberal arts (Kiss, 2006), these colleges offer educational opportunities that equal that offered to boys in the men’s colleges. Women’s colleges, especially southern women colleges, were attended mostly by white women; however, black women’s colleges sprang up in the post-Civil War years that significantly contributed to the advancement of the educational opportunities of the black women (Guy-Sheftall, 1982). For instance, Bennett College, an originally co-ed institution, was converted into a liberal art college for black women. Unlike it precursors, the seminaries, which were restricted to women from the upper class, the mid- and late- 19 century women’s colleges were opened to women from the middle classes (Harwarth, Maline, & DeBra, 1999). Indeed, women from the middle class were able to afford a decorous education probably due to increase in philanthropic gestures from donors. The liberation of wom en from their traditional role in the post World War II years led to a corresponding increased in the role of women in the academia and in government (Harwarth, Maline, & DeBra, 1999).

Quantitative Methods Individual work1 Assignment

Quantitative Methods Individual work1 - Assignment Example The fixed cost of manuscript preparation, textbook design, and production setup is estimated to be $160,000. Variable production and material costs are estimated to be $6 per book. Demand over the life of the book is estimated to be 4000 copies. The publisher plans to sell the text to college and university bookstores for $46 each. 15. Preliminary plans are underway for construction of a new stadium for a major league baseball team. City officials question the number and profitability of the luxury corporate boxes planned for the upper deck of the stadium. Corporations and selected individuals may purchase a box for $300,000. The fixed construction cost for the upper-deck area is estimated to be $4,500,000, with a variable cost of $150,000 for each box constructed. of up to 50 luxury boxes. Promoters indicate that buyers are available and that all 50 could be sold if constructed. What is your recommendation concerning the construction of luxury boxes? What profit is

Crime And The Impact On Modern Society

Crime And The Impact On Modern Society The threat and fear of crime are constant concerns that impact many people in modern society. The safety of schools and communities are usually indicated by crime rates, and are justifiably major factors in choosing where to reside. Research denotes that juveniles are involved in numerous crimes each year, as perpetrators who are subjected to legal intervention for status offenses such as running away, school truancy and curfew violations and as victims (Regoli, Hewitt, Delisi, 2007). Literature review reveals that there are official measures of juvenile crime which include those by police, the courts, and corrections agencies; and unofficial measures of juvenile crime such as self-report and victim surveys, that try to give a more complete description of the true extent of juvenile crime (Schmalleger, Bartollas, 2008). This paper will discuss several methodologies of official and unofficial measurements of juvenile delinquency and the identifiable problems with these types of data collections. Keywords: Uniform Crime Report, National Incident-Based Reporting System, self-reporting Criminologists for years have recognized that there are major problems in defining and measuring juvenile delinquency. The first is the legal definition that applies to youth who have been officially labeled in juvenile court. Legal definitions vary by time and place, making comparisons difficult because they are not uniform in all jurisdictions with respect to age of the prosecution; thus they tend to provide an unrealistic picture of the extent and nature of delinquency since they deal only with youth who are caught and processed (Regoli et al., 2007). Behavioral definitions in contrast to the legal definition can sometimes provide a more accurate picture of the extent and nature of delinquency and the characteristics of the offenders and victims. By using behavioral definitions, juveniles who violate statutes are seen as delinquent whether or not they are officially labeled (Regoli et al., 2007). The results have the appearance of delinquency being evenly distributed across social class and more frequent than official statistics would lead us to believe; thus showing a highly noted problem of relying on self-reporting processes and the difficulties in collecting accurate data (Regoli et al., 2007; Schmalleger, 2009). Measurement is not new to the juvenile justice system. Too often data collected by juvenile justice agencies have been unrelated to outcomes, and seldom allowed the public to assess performance in a meaningful way (Schmalleger, Bartollas, 2008). I suggest that this one of the reasons information does not completely help juvenile justice systems and organizations determine impact or cost-effectiveness of their interventions. Data is most useful when it provides input to juvenile justice professionals regarding public awareness and support, and can provide citizens and other government stakeholders with a sense of what the juvenile justice systems and agencies are really accomplishing or trying to accomplish. Official Measuring of Juvenile Delinquency Even with all the debates about the methodology of juvenile delinquency measurement, official crime statistics are considered the most accurate measures of crime and are often used in the news media and by justice agencies. This data is usually compiled by police, courts, and corrections agencies. The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) a program which began in 1929 and provides this type of data on the national and local levels, and track occurrences of eight specific crimes including the locations and frequencies of each (Lynch, Jarvis, 2008). This useful information is collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from law enforcement agencies across the country, and presents descriptive statistical, historical profile of violent juvenile crime in America based on the percentage of all arrests (Lynch, Jarvis, 2008). Another official measure for data collection of juvenile crime is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). This system was developed in 1988 by the federal government to address some of the shortcomings of the UCR, and is generated from the records management systems of federal, state and local agencies (Regoli, et al., 2007). The NIBRS which collects information on every arrest and incident was intended to be a broader crime reporting system in comparison to the UCR program; and it gives much greater details on specific crimes because it differentiates between crimes that are attempted and crimes that are completed (Schmalleger, 2009). Proponents for official measurements have recently argued that these measures show validity for certain crimes; any problems tend to be stable over time allowing trends and patterns to surface; there is easy to access to the data and relatively inexpensive; they allow for city and regional trend comparisons; and they provides detailed information on reporting patterns, who is arrested, and homicides (Lynch, Jarvis, 2008). In contrast, opponents have raised the issues that the reports do not capture unreported crime because under or over reporting by law enforcement often referred to as the dark figure of crime; and as it relates to juvenile crimes the number of arrests is not equal to the actual number of youths who committed crime, and group arrests overestimate juvenile crime (Lynch, Jarvis, 2008). Un-Official Measuring of Juvenile Delinquency Even though most of the fundamental problems with official crime statistics had been identified before the end of the nineteenth century, including the major problem of the dark figure of unknown crime, it was not until the mid-twentieth century that systematic attempts to unravel some of the mysteries of official statistics were initiated (Regoli, et al., 2007). Turning to data sources outside of the official agencies of criminal justice, unofficial crime statistics were generated in order to explore the dark figure of crime not known to the police, and to create measures of crime that were independent of the official registrars of crime and crime control, which many felt would address more validity and reliability issues in the measurement of crime (Doerner, Lab, 2005). One un-official data collecting measure used for juvenile delinquency is self-reporting. These reports are confidential questionnaires administered to samples of youth who voluntarily report on their own involvement in delinquent activities, which sometimes provide a more complete picture of juvenile delinquency (Webb, Katz, Decker, 2006). They however are not error free. These measures use population samples that arguably are small, and it has been suggested by some criminologists that they are not representative of juvenile offenders as a whole (Webb et al., 2006). Recently, it has been proposed by some researchers that victim surveys recognize the inadequacies of official measures of crime, particularly the apparently substantial volume of crime and victimization that remains unknown to, and therefore un-acted upon by, criminal justice authorities (Doerner, Lab, 2005). The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), a survey sponsored by the federal government and has been collecting data on personal and household victimization since 1973 (Doerner, Lab, 2005). It was designed with four primary objectives: to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime; to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to the police; to provide uniform measures of selected types of crimes; and to permit comparisons over time and types of areas (Doerner, Lab, 2005). In general, victimization surveys have the same problems and threats to validity and reliability as any other social-science survey. Ironically, there is a double dark figure of hidden crime that is not reported to interviewers in victimization surveys designed to uncover crimes not reported to the police (Doerner, Lab, 2005). Such incomplete reporting of victimization means that victimization surveys, like official data sources, also underestimate the true amount of crime, and this then suggests that the discrepancy between the crime rate estimates of the victim surveys and the UCR may be even larger than reports indicate. A noted strength of victim surveys is that most crimes included in the questionnaire are F.B.I. index crimes; but research also reveals that two index crimes (murder and arson) are not included in the survey, though many other important crimes are measured in the victimization surveys (Doerner, Lab, 2005). It is fair to argue that many times the results from thi s type of data collection show that the victimization statistics are somewhat limited in their representativeness and generalizing ability. Conclusion Debates have been heated over the last few decades on the proper way to measure delinquency. Research reveals that there are three major sources of data that have been used, self-reports of delinquent behavior, victimization surveys, and official accounts (e.g., arrests, court records) (Regoli et al., 2007). These sources of data results do not always agree, and studies have shown that certain methodologies such as survey-reports show weaker associations between social status (e.g., poverty, race, gender) and delinquency than official records (Regoli et al., 2007). Proponents for methodological measurements argue that these sources of data yield reasonably similar patterns when the object of inquiry is serious and persistent delinquency (Schmalleger, 2009). I suggest there is still a need for more methodologies to aid in the challenges of prevention and recidivism juvenile crime.

Hip Hop and the Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Music

The Hip Hop movement was born while the Civil Rights movement was aging. The Civil Rights movement, at its height addressed social inequalities however, in its old age it began to demand economic equality – enter Martin Luther King Jr.’s Poor People’s Campaign. Although Black Americans were allowed to eat next to White Americans in restaurants, and were allowed to sit next to White Americans on buses and enjoy equality in terms of access, white supremacy went underground and manifested as red-lining, unequal protection under the law, and a greater disparity between once racially segregated schools that are now economically segregated. The Civil Rights Movement and the Hip Hop movement are similar, but yet are different. If oppressed individuals draw upon the strengths and weaknesses of these movements they will produce profound results socially and economically in the United States and abroad. It is impossible to separate my voice from this topic, as I was born as an African American girl in 1984 during a time when Hip Hop could metaphorically be considered an adolescent. Through conversations with my grandmother, who grew up in segregated Arkansas, as well as my mother who was a teenager during the turbulent 70’s I have learned qualitative information about the Civil Rights movement. After much research, the major concern for Civil Right’s activists was the integration of schools and all public institutions. Black children had to walk several miles to school – while white students were provided transportation, Black children were given â€Å"hand-me down† textbooks and supplies and black teachers were provided a fraction of the salary that white teachers made. After the historic win of Brown v. Board of Educati... ... always been an issue, but hip hop has the power to cross economic, social and religious divisions. The civil rights movement did not have the resources that the hip-hop movement has today however it has the resiliency, the know-how and blueprint to take our society to the next level where individuals will be less oppressed and more able to positively add to the legacy and values revolution of America. 10 Works Cited hooks, bell. We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. New York: Routledge, 2004. Kitwana, Bakari. The Hip Hop Generation: Young Blacks and Crisis in African American Culture. New York: Basic Civitas, 2002. Morgan, Joan. When Chickenheads Come Home To Roost: My Life as a Hip Hop Feminist. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999. Neal, Mark Anthony. Soul Babies: Black Popular Culture and the Post-Soul Aesthetic. New York: Routledge, 2002.

On the Job Training: Conclusion and Recommendation Essay

Computers are becoming in our life and one cannot image life without computers in today’s world. If you go in any establishment computers are all places. We can say that this kind of innovation assist each and every one of us uses to experience a well-situated life. Thus, we students also need to use different gadgets, devices or modern technologies in order to have an easy going life at school. A manual computation in a school won’t give us a quick computation. Grade is the primary need in every school all over the world. Grading is one of the most important activities a faculty member does. Many problems in teaching arise because of grading issues. In an educational institution it is important to save files and information in a perfectly secured and life-long place. An example of this information is the grades of the students. It is truly significant to place these grades in a suitable place like computers. Grades in computers can be processed, find and secure in a safe and immediate way. A grading system is an application where grades can be access and save safely by the authorize user. It is a system that can help a lot, not just the registrars but also to the teaching staff. There are many advantages of having a computerized system. Usually it allows work to be stored, edited, and stored without much effort. It can also cut down on some of the paper in an office or make things more automated. Given the new innovative way of technology, a series of Computerized Grading System, based on this system would document trend and thereby increase the potentials of the technology education curriculum. It may be advantageous for the schools to use this system that might conduct developmental related need of the learners. Here are the following recommendations of the Computerized Grading System. 1. To communicate the achievement status of students to parents and others. Grading and Reporting System provide parents and other interested persons with the information about their child’s progress in persons. To some extent, it also serves to involve parents in education process. 2. To provide information students can use for self-evaluation easily. This system offers students information about the level of their academic achievement and performance in school. 3. To provide evidence of students’ lack of effort or inappropriate responsibilities. The system is frequently used to  document unsuitable behaviours on the part of certain students, and some teachers threaten students with poor grades in an effort to coerce more acceptable behaviours. 4. To have a fully implemented program that will help to ease jobs. Instructors and that student can rely on having an accurate grade. Objective Grading Format Calculates individual student grades. Collects and displays data for Outcomes Assessments. 5. To eliminate the lag time between the submissions of grades. The purpose of this system is intended to reduce the delay time of computation and submission of grades. This Computerized Grading System has several advantages unlike the manual computation. All the tasks can be done efficiently, faster and error free. The proponents attempt to develop a Grading System that may eliminate the word â€Å"manual†. Another feature is the automatic importing of grades from the instructor’s class record and printing it in different forms, unlike the current system wherein they need to write everything and present everything in person.

Networks Essays - Local Area Networks, IEEE Standards, Free Essays

Networks Essays - Local Area Networks, IEEE Standards, Free Essays Networks Network, in computer science, techniques, physical connections, and computer programs used to link two or more computers. Network users are able to share files, printers, and other resources; send electronic messages; and run programs on other computers. A network has three layers of components: application software, network software, and network hardware. Application software consists of computer programs that interface with network users and permit the sharing of information, such as files, graphics, and video, and resources, such as printers and disks. One type of application software is called client-server. Client computers send requests for information or requests to use resources to other computers, called servers, that control data and applications. Another type of application software is called peer-to-peer. In a peer-to-peer network, computers send messages and requests directly to one another without a server intermediary. Network software consists of computer programs that establish protocols, or rules, for computers to talk to one another. These protocols are carried out by sending and receiving formatted instructions of data called packets. Protocols make logical connections between network applications, direct the movement of packets through the physical network, and minimize the possibility of collisions between packets sent at the same time. Network hardware is made up of the physical components that connect computers. Two important components are the transmission media that carry the computer's signals, typically on wires or fiber-optic cables, and the network adapter, which accesses the physical media that link computers, receives packets from network software, and transmits instructions and requests to other computers. Transmitted information is in the form of binary digits, or bits (1s and 0s), which the computer's electronic circuitry can process. Network Connections A network has two types of connections: physical connections that let computers directly transmit and receive signals and logical, or virtual, connections that allow computer applications, such as word processors, to exchange information. Physical connections are defined by the medium used to carry the signal, the geometric arrangement of the computers (topology), and the method used to share information. Logical connections are created by network protocols and allow data sharing between applications on different types of computers, such as an Apple Macintosh and an International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) personal computer (PC), in a network. Some logical connections use client-server application software and are primarily for file and printer sharing. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite, originally developed by the United States Department of Defense, is the set of logical connections used by the Internet, the worldwide consortium of computer networks. TCP/IP, based on peer-to-peer application software, creates a connection between any two computers. Media The medium used to transmit information limits the speed of the network, the effective distance between computers, and the network topology. Copper wires and coaxial cable provide transmission speeds of a few thousand bits per second for long distances and about 100 million bits per second (Mbps) for short distances. Optical fibers carry 100 million to 1 billion bits of information per second over long distances. Topology Common topologies used to arrange computers in a network are point-to-point, bus, star, and ring. Point-to-point topology is the simplest, consisting of two connected computers. The bus topology is composed of a single link connected to many computers. All computers on this common connection receive all signals transmitted by any attached computer. The star topology connects many computers to a common hub computer. This hub can be passive, repeating any input to all computers similar to the bus topology, or it can be active, selectively switching inputs to specific destination computers. The ring topology uses multiple links to form a circle of computers. Each link carries information in one direction. Information moves around the ring in sequence from its source to its destination (see Computer Architecture). Local area networks (LANs), which connect computers separated by short distances, such as in an office or a university campus, commonly use bus, star, or ring topologies. Wide area networks (WANs), which connect distant equipment across the country or internationally, often use special leased telephone lines as point-to-point links. Sharing Information When computers share physical connections to transmit information packets, a set of Media Access Control (MAC) protocols are used to allow information to flow smoothly through the network. An efficient MAC protocol ensures

Water, Land and Air Pollution Essays

Water, Land and Air Pollution Essays Water, Land and Air Pollution Paper Water, Land and Air Pollution Paper Essay Topic: Air pollution Water pollution Water pollution Water pollution is usually caused by human activities. Different human sources add to the pollution of water. There are two sorts of sources, they mostly come from pipelines or sewers and then into the surface water. Nonprofit sources are sources that cannot be traced to a single site of discharge. Examples some sources are: factories, sewage treatment plants, underground mines, oil wells, oil tankers and agriculture, acid deposition room the air, traffic, pollutants that are spread through rivers and pollutants that enter the water through groundwater. Water pollution can have a drastic impact on aquatic life in any body of water, which can result in the complete elimination Of certain species. Chemical compounds can be toxic to aquatic life Land pollution Land pollution is the demolition of Earths land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not disposed properly. Health hazard disposal of urban and industrial wastes, exploitation of minerals, and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural. Primarily caused by industrial contamination, land pollution is a global problem. Becoming aware of the many ways that land becomes polluted, and recognizing the harmful effects of land pollution, is an important step in understanding how it can be remedied. Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals or biological materials that cause arm to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. Air pollution presents big environmental threat in many parts of the world. Air pollution includes variety of different harmful chemicals and gases released from our vehicles and our industrial facilities that make our air dirty. Vehicles are the biggest source of air pollution. Air pollution has extremely negative effect on our environment.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE FOURTH OF JULY (AUDRE LORDE) AND SISTER Essay

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE FOURTH OF JULY (AUDRE LORDE) AND SISTER FLOWERS (MAYA ANGELOU) - Essay Example Lorde’s trip to Washington, and Angelou’s relationship with Mrs. Flowers, are crucial episodes which shape Lorde’s and Angelou’s views of the world around them and define their own self-images and identities. Lorde and Angelou come to these encounters in different frames of mind, are deeply influenced by others and come away with altered self-images. Lorde and Angelou are at contrasting periods in their lives and have different frames of mind at the time of these crucial encounters. Lorde is an eighth grade graduate, who is on the threshold of adolescence. Her trip is a graduation gift and she embarks on it in a spirit of hope and excitement: Washington D.C. is â€Å"the fabled and famous capital of our country† (Lorde, 239). This is her first day-time trip on a train and she looks forward to it. The family makes elaborate preparations for the trip and â€Å"packed for a week† (Lorde, 239). There is a sense of excitement and the happy ambience of a picnic, complete with roast chicken, cakes and peaches. Lorde spends her â€Å"afternoon squinting up at monuments to freedom and past presidencies and democracy† (Lorde, 241). She is very much a normal schoolgirl, confident and secure in the bonds of her family, prepared to enjoy her trip. On the other hand, Angelou comes to the encounter with Mrs. Flowers deeply scarred by her earlier rape. As a result of this, she refuses to talk to anybody except her brother, Bailey, and retreats into a cocoon of silence. She is listless and admits that â€Å"For nearly a year, I sopped around the house, the Store, the school, and the church, like an old biscuit, dirty and inedible† (Angelou, ). She is a little girl of about nine and is desperately shy. When Mrs. Flowers asks her to accompany her home, Angelou â€Å"hung back in the separate unasked and unanswerable questions† (Angelou, ). Haunted by her trauma, Angelou cuts herself off from intercourse. Lorde and

Global warming & human activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global warming & human activities - Essay Example These alterations threaten to transform the global environment. As one author imagined it, â€Å"The year is 2035. In New York, palm trees line the Hudson River †¦ Phoenix is in its third week of temperatures over 130 degrees †¦ Holland is under water. Bangladesh has ceased to exist †¦ in central Europe and in the American Midwest, decades of drought have turned once fertile agricultural lands into parched deserts (Rifkin, 1988).† Composition of Greenhouse Gases Methane and carbon dioxide primarily constitute the greenhouse gases. They also consist of water vapor and trace amounts of other gases including ozone, nitrous oxide, and HCFCs. Greenhouse gases â€Å"trap† some of the sun’s infrared radiation within Earth’s atmosphere, similar to a greenhouse. As the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increase, they trap more of the sun’s heat in the earth’s atmosphere, which has a number of effects on the earth’s env ironment. Were it not for greenhouse gases, most of the sun’s energy would radiate back out into space, leaving the earth cold and lifeless with an average temperature of minus 18 degrees C (0.4 degrees Fahrenheit) (Miller). ... Increasing levels of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2 ), in the atmosphere since pre-industrial times have been well documented. There is no doubt this atmospheric buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is largely the result of human activities. Combined with unnaturally elevated levels of naturally occurring gases, global warming is exacerbated by anthropogenic emissions of additional greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. To illustrate the problem, under pre-Industrial Revolution conditions, global levels of carbon dioxide were around 275 parts per million (ppm). Carbon dioxide levels increased from 275 ppm to 346 ppm between 1860 and 1986, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation (Flavind & Tunali, 1995). Plants convert carbon dioxide to oxygen and are one effective way to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Deforestation has resulted in a reduction in the carbon dioxide to oxygen conversion. It is estimated that deforestation co ntributes 1.0 to 2.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually (Oppenheimer & Boyle, 1990). It is thought that global levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will reach 550 ppm sometime between 2040 and 2100; however, most analysts believe those levels will be reached closer to the middle of the twenty-first century (Rifkin). It is estimated that over the next 100 years the temperature will increase about 1.98 degrees C (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Such a severe temperature change would most likely cause an increase in heat waves and drought, the spread of infectious diseases, and the disruption of ecosystems worldwide. Furthermore, increased global temperatures is causing the melting of ice in both polar regions, resulting in a rise in sea level, predicted by